The Supporting Pastoralism & Agriculture in Recurrent & Protracted Crises (SPARC) program, funded by FCDO and Implemented by CoWater aimed to enhance the resilience of poor and vulnerable populations in areas facing protracted crises and conflicts by addressing evidence gaps related to the effectiveness of programs and policies supporting agricultural livelihoods.

MSA conducted g a comprehensive field-based study, focusing on pastoralist communities in Ethiopia and Kenya. The study evaluated the functionality of these systems, examining the interactions of male and female pastoralists and the influence of gendered behavioral and normative factors on animal health practices. Unlike existing research that mainly addresses structural barriers, MSA's approach employed a 'systems lens' to understand pastoralists' perceptions and engagements with diverse animal health service providers, aiming to generate actionable insights for both private and public sectors.